In Jewish and Christian tradition, drinking wine was an ordinary occurrence, and some sacramental observances involved the use of wine. Ahimsa also influenced Gandi and his nonviolent campaign in India (Prothero 2008: 194-195).Īlcohol/Drug Use, Religion and: The relationship between alcohol/drug use and religion is complex. In Jainism, nonviolence is considered the highest moral duty, as Jain ascetics even attempt to avoid the injury and death of insects. 1990: 31).Īhimsa: A term in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism that is often translated as "non-violence," referring to not harming or wishing to harm. The term "agnostic" was coined by Thomas Huxley (1825-1895), and was used as a method more than a belief system, claiming that one should seek truth until a certain point where the evidence becomes scarce or non-existent (Reid et al. The concept comes from David Hume (1711-1776), who questioned the idea of causality, and by extension the historical accuracy of biblical miracles. Agnostics believe the question of whether God exists must be left open and unanswered. In the monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam discussions of the afterlife also entail whether an individual goes to either heaven or hell based on God's judgment (Hinnells 1984: 25-26).Īgnosticism: A philosophical position neither affirming nor denying belief in a deity. In Eastern religions, such as Hinduism or Buddhism, reincarnation is an afterlife concept. Descriptions of the afterlife will differ by cultural, historical and geographical context (see Egyptian Book of the Dead and Tibetan Book of the Dead). In 1816, it was officially founded by Richard Allen in Philadelphia (Prothero 2008: 194).Īfterlife: The fate of humans after death (Smith and Green 1995: 31). The denomination broke off from the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1787. Examples of this measure are found in the 2003 National Study of Youth and Religion, available in the ARDA’s Data Archive.Īfrican Methodist Episcopal Church (AME): One of the largest black denominations in the United States. The Adventist family includes the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which was founded by Ellen White and James Springer White, as well as offshoots such as the Advent Christian Church (Melton 2009: 560-561).Īffiliation Change, Measure of: A survey measure of whether an individual has changed religious affiliation as an adult.
Miller taught that Christ would soon return to earth and that Saturday, rather than Sunday, should be observed as the Christian Sabbath. 1990: 28).Īdventist Family: Churches originating from founder William Miller in the late 19th century. In Orthodox Churches, Advent is known as the "Nativity Fast" (Reid et al. 2012: xvi).Īdvent: A season of preparation for Christmas, more characteristic of Western Liturgical Churches.
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2) Note that in ARDA's online Maps & Reports, "adherent" has a more specific meaning: "All members, including full members, their children and the estimated number of other participants who are not considered members for example, the 'baptized,' 'those not confirmed,' 'those not eligible for communion,' 'those regularly attending services,' and the like," according to the Religious Congregations and Membership Study, 2010 (Grammich et al. It is a broader term than "member" because the latter refers to an official status that varies according to congregation or denomination. For Jews, the history of Talmudic learning reinforces both the value of learning and critical thinking, making Jews one of the highest educated and financially successful religious groups in the United States (Hood, Hill and Spika 2009).Īdherent: 1) A person who identifies with some religious tradition. The classic example is the " Protestant ethic," where hard work and economic success is viewed as a sign of salvation (Weber 1904). Abraham: The Hebrew Bible patriarch and father of the "Abrahamic," monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Prothero 2008: 193).Īchievement Motivation: As used in the psychology of religion, it is the role of religion in shaping value orientations and motivation to succeed in work.
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